IAS Prelims Sociology Exam Solved Question Paper

IAS Prelims Sociology Exam Solved Question Paper!

1. What is the term given by sociologists to a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and are handled by an administrative staff?

(a) Prison

(b) Hospital

(d) Social institution

Ans. (c)

2. Which one among the following is not the basis of a category of conflict?

(a) The field or object of conflict

(b) The number of mediators

(d) The balance of power of the parties involved

Ans. (b)

3. In the context of relativity of change who said “a socialisation process within a particular family is a process of orderly change”?

(a) Wilbert Moore

(b) Anthony Giddens

(d) Peter Blau

Ans. (c)

4. Which one of the following is the correct statement? Conformity is tied closely to the issue of the pressure of

(a) Parents

(b) Peer group

(d) Current fashion trends

Ans. (b)

5. “Peasantry lacks inter connection, common political identity and organisation and represent barbarism in the midst of civilisation”. Who said it?

(a) V. I. Lenin

(b) J. Stalin

(d) Mao-Tse-Tung

Ans. (c)

6. The idea of social structure came to sociology from which of the following?

1. Architecture

2. Anatomy

3. Grammar

4. Language

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 3 and 4

(b) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (c)

7. Which one of the following statements refers to the concept of community?

(a) A geopolitical phenomenon in which one nation’s state power is imposed upon another territory

(b) Members of a society or group following norms and values compatible to those practiced in the society

(d) Any stable group, sharing a geographical area, common traits and a sense of belonging

Ans. (d)

8. What is the term given to stable social patterns and relationships that emanate from the norms, values, roles and status that govern activities which fulfil the needs of the society?

(a) Integration

(b) Institution

(d) Hegemony

Ans. (b)

9. Which one of the following pairs of terms denotes cultural change?

(a) Cultural traits and cultural complex

(b) Cultural symbols and cultural ethos

(d) Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism

Ans. (b)

10. What is spread of cultural attributes from one culture to another through contact between different cultural groups known as?

(a) Acculturation

(b) Diffusion

(d) Relativism

Ans. (b)

11. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) Eco-efficiency means use of high technologies for economic growth

(b) Eco-efficiency is economic development with for employment opportunities

(d) Eco-efficiency means technology for economic growth with minimal environmental costs

Ans. (d)

12. Who among the following, is known for his work on unified theory of human ecology?

(a) A. H. Hawley

(b) M. Castells

(d) T. Fararo

Ans. (a)

13. When relatives are merged or equated under the same identifying label, then the system of kinship terminology is called as which one of the following?

(a) Classificatory type

(b) Denotative type

(d) Bifurcate merging type

Ans. (b)

14. Which one of the following patterns of residence reflects the ambilocal type?

(a) This type permits a couple to reside with the wife’s parents for several years following their marriage

(b) This type occurs when young married couples go to live in new places of residence

(d) This type refers to residence in the wife’s natal home

Ans. (c)

15. While patrilineal descend systems correlate with either neolocal or patrivirilocal residence patterns, matrilineal descend systems correlate with which of the following residence patterns?

1. Neolocal

2. Matrilocal

3. Avunculocal

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 2 only

(d) 1 and 3 only

Ans. (a)

16. What does virilocality in a patrilineal society serve?

1. Keeps the men of a group in the same place.

2. Breaks apart any potendal unilinear kin grouping.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (a)

17. Where was Parityakta Mukti Morcha (a women’s movement) launched by the deserted women?

(a) Rural Andhra Pradesh

(b) Rural Maharashtra

(d) Rural West Bengal

Ans. (d)

18. Which one of the following descent systems traces its membership through both the mother and the father?

(a) Unilineal

(b) Bilineal

(d) Ambivalent

Ans. (a)

19. Who among the following is the author of “Untouchability in Rural Gujarat”?

(a) A. M. Shah

(b) I. P. Desai

(d) G S. Ghurye

Ans. (b)

20. Assertion (A)- Downward mobility occurs whenever an individual fails conspicuously to live up to the requirements of his caste.

Reason (R)- From the point of view of any individual the ritual rank ofhis caste is, for all practical purposes, fixed.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (d)

21. What is the most appropriate explanation of political socialisation?

(a) Internalising the value system and ideology

(b) Political ideas and behaviour

(d) More stable polities

Ans. (a)

22. What is the term used to understand the dominance of men over women in societies known as?

(a) Patrilineal

(b) Patrilocal

(d) Patrimony

Ans. (c)

23. Which one of the following pairs of Articles of the Constitution of India pertains to specifying the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by public notification by the President of India?

(a) Articles 328 and 329

(b) Articles 331 and 332

(d) Articles 343 and 344

Ans. (c)

24. Under which of the following articles of the Constitution of India does the State provide equal justice and free legal aid?

(a) Article 38

(b) Article 39

(d) Article 41

Ans. (d)

25. Which Article of the Constitution of India states that ‘No child below the age of fourteen years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment’?

(a) Article 368

(b) Article 330

(d) Article 24

Ans. (d)

26. The concept of ‘relative deprivation’ has been widely used in policy discourse on which one of the following?

(a) Social and cultural rights of minorities

(b) Social conflict and harmony

(d) Poverty and inequality

Ans. (d)

27. Who among the following emphasised that conflict plays a positive role in preserving society?

(a) Max Weber

(b) Lewis Coser

(d) Anthony Giddens

Ans. (b)

28. Blacksmithy as work comes under which one of the ‘ following?

(a) Primitive art

(b) Guild system

(d) Putting-out system

Ans. (d)

29. The melting pot theory is based on which concept?

(a) Assimilation

(b) Accommodation

(d) Integration

Ans. (a)

30. Children learn the ways of adults perpetuating the values, norms and social practices of their culture. What is the called?

(a) Evolution

(b) Natural selection

(d) Socialisation

Ans. (d)

31. Who among the following made a distinction between ‘retributive laws’ and ‘restirutive laws’?

(a) Karl Marx

(b) Michel Foucault

(d) Emile Durkheim

Ans. (d)

32. What are the customary, normal, habitual ways doing by a group, known as?

(a) Mores

(b) Folkways

(d) Cultural alternatives

Ans. (a)

33. Who was the author of Democracy in America which explained the essence of American cultural and values?

(a) Alexis de Tocqueville

(b) Albert K. Cohen

(d) Milton Show

Ans. (a)

34. According to Irving Goffman. ‘Asylum’ is an example of which one of the following?

(a) A social system

(b) A hospital

(d) A traditional family

Ans. (c)

35. How would you describe the situation where a group of people rejects the prevailing values and norms of society and begins to live differently?

(a) Revolution

(b) Deviant group

(d) Acculturation

Ans. (b)

36. Which one of the following Acts first recognised monogramy as the accepted form of marriage?

(a) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1935

(b) The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955

(d) The Hindu Marriage Act, 2000

Ans. (b)

37. Assertion (A)- Exogamy compels a person to marry outside one’s own group.

Reason (R)- Selection of the spouse is restricted by social forms.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Ans. (a)

38. Consider the following statements:

1. Primogeniture refers to inheritance by the first born child.

2. Ultimo geniture refers to inheritance by the last born child.

3. Primogeniture refers to inheritance by the most favourite child.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (a)

39. What is Louis Dumont’s view on the nature of status and power in the caste system?

(a) Status is subordinate to power

(b) Power is subordinate to status

(d) Power is subordinate to prestige

Ans. (b)

40. After examining the impact of industrialisation on social stratification in India, who remarked “Caste has been the Alpha and Omega of Hindu life?

(a) M.N. Srinivas

(b) Max Weber

(d) Mayer and Buckley

Ans. (a)

41. Religious ideas of which sect of the Protestant were most conductive to capitalist development?

(a) Baptist

(b) Calvinist

(d) Pietist

Ans. (b)

42. Which of the following features were involved among the jatis and families in a village by the’ Jajmani’ system, and important aspect of traditional village life in India?

1. Interdependence and reciprocity

2. Co-operation and conflict

3. Dominance and exploitation

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (b)

43. Milton Singer and McKim studied social change in India using which concept?

(a) Westernisation and modernisation

(b) Little and great traditions

(d) Industrialisation and neo-liberal economics

Ans. (b)

44. What is the process in which castes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emoulating the practices of upper castes?

(a) Kshatriyation

(b) Sanskritisation

(d) Modernisation

Ans. (b)

45. What are the agrarian classes in Indian context according to D. Thorner?

(a) Malik, kisan and mazdoor

(b) Landlord, share-cropper and agricultural labourer

(d) Jotedar, adhiar and bargadar

Ans. (a)

46. The individual and social commitment of the inner- directed, subjectively controlled, autonomous personality, which steers itself with reflexive principles, is an example of which of the following?

(a) Ethics of collective meanings

(b) Ethics of individual responsibility

(d) National-legal normative considerations

Ans. (b)

47. Assertion (A)- Gesellschaft refers to a society based on contractual relationships.

Reason (R)- Gresellschaft societies are based on secondary groups.

(a) Both A and R are individually true but R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (a)

48. Assertion (A)- Demagogues, backed by political and economic interests, sway assertive crowds.

Reason (R)- The assertive personality type is promoted by socialisation at home and education in schools.

(a) Both A and R are individually true but R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (b)

49. Which one of the following can be termed as an aggregate?

(a) The number of persons fleeing in panic

(b) The number of persons watching a street accident

(d) The number of persons damaging vehicles during strike

Ans. (c)

50. Which one of the following activities cannot be termed as custom?

(a) Wearing of a hat during the hot season

(b) Stopping vehicles of traffic signal when the red light is on

(d) Greeting persons by folding the palms in front of the chest and saying Namaste

Ans. (b)

51. What does ‘Gerontocracy’ refers to?

(a) Societies in which the oldest male plays a major role in making decision and political rules

(b) Societies in which younger males/females play a major role in making decision and political rules

(d) The trend and pattern of fertility in country

Ans. (a)

52. Consider the following statements:

1. Bogardus social distance scale is usually applied to the study of ethnie relations, social classes and social values.

2. Occupational prestige scale is not an example of social distance scale.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (a)

53. Which of the following statements- are apt to define cultural relativism?

1. No two cultures can co-exist

2. Culture cannot grow in a vacuum

3. One culture is to be studied in relation to the other.

4. Culture is to be studied in relation to its location.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 and 4 only

(d) 2 and 4 only

Ans. (d)

54. Which of the following statements is/are correct? Inter-personal relations in most societies are regulated by

1. Folkways and mores

2. Religious institutions

3. Legal institutions

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (a)

55. When a whole way of life is in the process of change under the influence of another culture, what is it called?

(a) Diffusion

(b) Acculturation

(d) Socialisation

Ans. (c)

56. From which one of the following tribes, joking relationship between grandparents and grandchildren has been reported?

(a) Toda

(b) Naga

(d) Santhal

Ans. (c)

57. Consider the following peasant movements:

1. Naxalbari Movement

2. Kheda Movement

3. Champaran Movement

4. Tebhaga Movement

Which is the correct chronological sequence of the above peasant movements?

(a) 1, 3, 4 and 2

(b) 1, 4, 2 and 3

(d) 3, 4, 2 and 1

Ans. (c)

58. What is the practice of marriage alliance that creates a desire to give away a girl through marriage to a superior family known as?

(a) Endogamy

(b) Hypergamy

(d) Exogamy

Ans. (b)

59. Consider the following statements:

1. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 does not apply to members of any scheduled tribes unless the Central Government by notification in the official gazette otherwise directs.

2. Under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) the right of maintenance extends not only to the wife and dependent children, but also to indigent parents and divorced wires.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (c)

60. Consider the following statements:

Change in traditional joint family in India is marked by changes in

1. Property holding and residence

2. Genealogical structure

3. The conjugal bond

4. Numerical size

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (d)

61. Consider the following legislations:

1. The Special Marriage Act

2. The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act

3. The Indian Succession Act

4. The Child Marriage Restraint Act

What is the correct chronological sequence of the above Acts?

(a) 2, 1, 4 and 3

(b) 3, 4, 1 and 2

(d) 3, 1, 4 and 2

Ans. (b)

62. Consider the following statements about marriage:

1. Marriage is a sacrament in Hindu society

2. Marriage is a contract in Muslim society

3. Prohibition of Sapinda marriage is a rule of caste endogamy

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) 2 only

Ans. (a)

63. According to Iravati Karve, which one of the following constitutes the Central Zone of Kinship Organisation?

(a) Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat

(b) Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa

(d) Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Kathiawad and Orissa

Ans. (c)

64. Which one of the following is not clearly indicated by kinship?

(a) Lineage

(b) Affinity

(d) Peer group

Ans. (d)

65. Who among the following is the founder of the Satya Shodhak Samaj?

(a) E.V. Ramaswami Naicker

(b) Jyoti Rao Phule

(d) Bhim Rao Ambedkar

Ans. (b)

66. Which among the following correctly describes changed, position of women in a modern Indian family?

(a) Woman’s increasing economic independence

(b) Woman becoming head of the family

(d) Woman’s competitiveness with male peers in the family

Ans. (a)

67. In which of the following States, Article 164 of the Constitution of India provides for a Minister in charge of tribal welfare?

1. Bihar

2. Rajasthan

3. Madhya Pradesh

4. Orissa

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 2 and 4

Ans. (c)

68. Assertion (A)- Constitutional safeguards have not uplifted Scheduled Tribes to desired level.

Reason (R)- Tribal communities are so loyal and attached to their traditional ways of life that they have ignored welfare schemes.

(a) Both A and R are individually true but R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (c)

69. Which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India states that the claims of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in making appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State.

(a) Article 333

(b) Article 334

(d) Article 337

Ans. (c)

70. What is a marriage between social strata, where the woman is a member of the upper stratum, designated as?

(a) Hypogamy

(b) Hypergamy

(d) Endogamy

Ans. (a)

71. Which one of the following situations does sororal polygyny refer to?

(a) Several sisters marry the same man

(b) A woman’s marriage with her husband’s brother after the husband’s death

(d) A man’s marriage with the sister of his sister’s husband

Ans. (a)

72. What is a cross-cousin marriage as practiced by Gonds of Madhya Pradesh called?

(a) Shahadlautwa

(b) Gheelautwa

(d) Dudhlautawa

Ans. (d)

73. What is according to Hindu traditional law, marriage by abduction, called?

(a) Gandharva

(b) Pasiacha

(d) Rakshasa

Ans. (d)

74. Among the Muslims, a wife can obtain release from her marriage by giving consideration to husband whose consent is essential. What is this type of divorce called?

(a) Mehar

(b) Tafweez

(d) Talaq

Ans. (c)

75. When two or more sibs exist in a community, they may be called

(a) Moieties

(b) Phrateries

(d) Endogamous clans

Ans. (b)

76. Consider the following statements:

1. Extended family consists of two mates of opposite sex and their offspring

2. Conjugal family consists of two mates of opposite sex and their offspring

3. Consanguineous family consists of two mates of opposite sex and their off spring

Which of the statements given above is correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) None of the above

Ans. (b)

77. A special role, similar to that of a maternal uncle, for one’s father’s sister is designated as

(a) Amitate

(b) Couvade

(d) Teknonymy

Ans. (a)

78. Which of the following group(s) of factors was/were used by Kroeber to classify kinship terminology?

1. Descent, Gender, Polarity, Bifurcation and Lineage

2. Kindred, Class, Affinity, Gender and Polarity

3. Generation, Gender, Affinity, Bifurcation and Polarity

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(d) 1 and 3

Ans. (b)

79. What is the term given to the relationship which is governed by formal rules to restrict interaction between designated categories of relatives?

(a) Avoidance relationships

(b) Joking relationships

(d) Intimate relationships

Ans. (a)

80. What does population pyramid deal with?

(a) Age and marriage structure

(b) Age and sex structure

(d) Age and literacy structure

Ans. (b)

81. Consider the following statements:

1. Power has become independent of class than what is was in the past

2. Ownership of land is no longer the decisive factor in acquiring power

3. Mobility in the caste system has always been an extremely slow and gradual process

Which of the statements given above are correct according to Andre Beteille with regard to power?

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 2 and 3

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (d)

82. Who introduced the term ‘stateless society’?

(a) Paul Bohannam

(b) E.E. Evans-Pritchard

(d) A. Giddens

Ans. (a)

83. Assertion (A)- In a democracy participation is the most important indicator of political stratification.

Reason (R)- Access to opportunities to participate and the actual use of these opportunities is not the basis of stratification in a society.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (c)

84. Who among the following is regarded a cyclic theory of social change which views the societies oscillating between three different types of mentalities?

(a) V. Pareto

(b) P. A. Sorokin

(d) K. Marx

Ans. (b)

85. When was the Kaka Kalelkar Commission constituted by the then President of India?

(a) 1952

(b) 1953

(d) 1951

Ans. (b)

86. Which one of the following statements is correct? Feminism in the western societies

(a) Is a militant movement of women’s rights supporters

(b) Is a homogeneous ideology built like Marxism, theoretically, over the years

(d) Is a metaphysical notion that nobody wishes to question or challenge,

Ans. (c)

87. Assertion (A)- It is not merely equality under law that determines the status of women in society.

Reason (R)- Traditions and customs are involved in everyday social interactions.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(d) A is false but R is true

Ans. (a)

88. To which of the following patterns of social change, can the process of Sanskritisation in India be compared?

(a) Anomie

(b) Horizontal mobility

(d) Reference-group model

Ans. (d)

89. Which among the following are the two orientations with regard to the two types of social movements as given by Yogendra Singh?

(a) Integrative

(b) Alternative

(d) Reformative

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2

(b) 1 and 3

(d) 1 and 4

Ans. (b)

90. Who has propounded the relationship between social solidarity and types of law?

(a) E. Durkheim

(b) M. Weber

(d) R.K. Merton

Ans. (a)

91. Speaking of the rules of behaviour in a society, there are some rules which evolve by unconscious growth, whereas there are other ones which are the by-products of deliberate creations. Which one of the following is product of deliberate?

(a) Mores

(b) Customs

(d) Folkways

Ans. (c)

92. Which one is the correct sequence of the given socio- cultural processes?

(a) Cultural contact-Assimilation-Accommodation- Conflict

(b) Accommodation-Assimilation-Cultural contact- Conflict

(d) Accommodation-Conflict-Cultural contact- Assimilation

Ans. (c)

93. Which one of the following statements is correct? Cultural relativism

(a) Is a recognition that each culture is judge in terms of its own standards.

(b) Is an argument that different parts of culture are interrelated.

(d) Means that different cultures are related to each other in terms of some universal elements.

Ans. (a)

94. Psycho-analytical theory about social behaviour makes us believe that deviant behaviour is due to:

(a) Inequality in physical strength

(b) Varying degree of socialisation

(d) Conflict in economic and political system

Ans. (b)

95. Marriott has discussed the process of transformation of a God from the scriptural roster by people of a particular locality into a pragmatic and local spirit under which of the following terms’?

(a) Universalisation and parochialisation

(b) Generalisation and Universalisation

(d) Particularism and pluralism

Ans. (a)

96. Which one of the following statements is correct?

(a) All societies are groups and all groups are societies

(b) All societies are groups but no group is a society

(d) A society is a group but most groups are not societies

Ans. (d)

97. Summer’s model of society is known as

(a) Development model

(b) Conflict model

(d) Consensus model

Ans. (d)

98. When the members of each group judge all other groups by the standards of their own group, it is termed as

(a) Ethnicity

(b) Ethnocentrism

(d) Ethnography

Ans. (b)

99. Assertion (A)- It is desirable to distinguish between the normative pattern and the social system to which it applies.

Reason (R)- Particular social system may not conform to the normative pattern in all respects.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but is R true.

Ans. (a)

100. Assertion (A)- A capitalist system encourages market economy.

Reason (R)- Capitalist system is a global choice.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but is R true.

Ans. (b)

101. Assertion (A)- The capitalist class, according to Karl Marx, exploits the labour class in the capitalist society and this paves the way for class polarisation.

Reason (R)- The proletarian classes in the capitalist society suffer from the alienation of labour.

(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(d) A is false but is R true.

Ans. (b)

102. Which one of the following classification was used by E. Durkheim in his study of religion?

(a) Holy and unholy

(b) Ritualistic and radical

(d) Sacred and profane

Ans. (d)

103. Andre Beteille has pointed out that caste restrictions regarding marriage in India after independence

(a) Have increased

(b) Have decreased

(d) Are limited to low caste Hindus

Ans. (b)

104. Who among the following said- “Stratification system derives from common values”?

(a) Kingsley Davis

(b) Talcott Parsons

(d) Michael Young

Ans. (b)

105. Max Weber’s approach to the study of social stratifications is:

(a) One dimensional

(b) Two dimensional

(d) Four dimensional

Ans. (c)

106. Social stratum refers to a number of individuals having a relatively similar:

(a) Status, role or other culturally relevant set of characteristics

(b) Role, position or other economically relevant set of characteristics

(d) Status, rank or other socially relevant set of characteristics.

Ans. (d)

107. Social stratification, arising either from the actual functions performed by the persons involved or from the superior power and control of resources possessed by certain individuals, organisations or both, refers to:

(a) Inequality

(b) Improper distribution

(d) Exploitation

Ans. (a)

108. In his book ‘Social Change in Modern India’, M.N. Srinivas has presented the view that:

(a) Caste is absolutely closed

(b) Caste is absolutely open

(d) Caste is just like class

Ans. (c)

109. An economic class

(a) Is based on styles of life, occupations and social activities

(b) Involves a particular ethnic or family background and other significant factors

(c) Comprises persons having a similar level and sources of income, type of occupation and a similar share of societal wealth

(d) Consists of persons having similar levels of prestige symbols in a society.

Ans. (c)